unes aux autres, et tout à l'entour garni d'artillerie, et bien en ordre pour se défendre contre tout le pays."--(_Second voyage de Jacques Cartier_, p. 48). Republished by Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, in 1843. At the foot, we read, "On pense que ce fort a dû être bâti à l'endroit où la petite Rivière Lairet se décharge dans la Rivière St. Charles." "The exact spot in the River St. Charles, where Cartier moored his vessel, is supposed on good authority to have been the site of the old bridge (a little higher up than the present), called Dorchester Bridge, where there is a ford at low water, close to the Marine Hospital. That it was on the east bank, not far from the former residence of Chas. Smith, Esq., is evident from the river having been frequently crossed by the natives coming from Stadacona, to visit their French guests." (_Hawkins' Picture of Quebec_, p. 47) The Abbé Faillon in his elaborate work--_Histoire de la Colonie Française au Canada_, 1865--in some valuable notes on Jacques Cartier, p. 496, discusses the erroneous views of Charlevoix and Father Leclerc, and corroborates the accepted belief about the St. Charles and not the Jacques Cartier River, as being the spot where the great discoverer wintered in 1535-36.

[287] Would this river be the Lairet or the St. Charles? We like to give every circumstance calculated to throw light thereon: writers seem to agree that Jacques Cartier, wintered in the St. Charles, as Champlain says, in his edition of 1632, on the Jesuits' property--it may, however, have been a few acres to the east or west of the spot generally indicated.

[288] "Le Capitaine fit renforcer le Fort tout à l'entour de gros fossés, larges, et profonds avec porte à pont-levis et renforts de rangs ou pans de bois au contraire des premiers. Et fut ordonné pour le guet de la nuit.... cinquante hommes à quatre quarts, et à chacun changement des dits quarts les trompettes sonnantes; ce qui fut fait selon la dite ordonnance."--_Voyage de Jacques Cartier_, page 52.

[289] It is evident that the Beauport entrenchments were to be on a vast scale In those days of _corvées_ and forced labor, when it was merely necessary to command _de par le roi_, it was easy to bring together large bodies of men. "M. de Montcalm arrive à Québec (from Montréal), commanda tout le monde pour travailler à des retrenchements qui furent tracés vers une paroisse nominée Beauport. Comme il pensait que ces ouvrages ne seraient pas en état avant l'arrivée des vaisseaux anglais, ce qui pourrait être d'un jour à l'autre, il envoya un ordre à M. de Lévis, qui était à Montréal, de commander, générallement, tous les hommes de ce gouvernement à de descendre à Québec, et qu'on avait besoin d'un coup de main. Il envoya à cet égard des ordres précis et conformes, dans tontes les paroisses, qui mirent tout le monde en mouvement." (_Memoirs sur les affaires du Canada_, 1749-1760.) Finally, Vaudreuil decided that Montreal would furnish 1,500 men only for this service.

[290] This bake-house appears to have been somewhere at the foot of Abraham's Hill.

[291] It crossed the St Charles a little higher than the Marine Hospital, exactly at the foot of Crown Street.

[292] A small bridge supported on masonry has since been built on this spot, exactly across the main road, at Brown's mills, Beauport.

[293] _The Great River_. Such was the name the Lorette Huron Indians pressed Hon. Mr. Panet to take when they elected him their honorary chief.

[294] A famous _Chasseur_ of Lake St. Charles.

[295] Robert Buchanan's fine lines describe well the sudden coming of winter:

"Then, with a gust, Old Winter tumbled shrieking from the hills, His white Hair flowing in the wind."

[296] Emma Duchesnay, wife of Robt. LeMoine, Esq., Ottawa, was the last born there.

[297] Beauport Church, it is said, was built on this _Fief du Buisson_.

[298] "Une chandelle faite avec la graisse d'un pendu."

[299] Le mot chirurgien--qui était la profession de Gifart, se présente naturellement, mais l'article manque....Oh! le C, si c'était un R? plus de doute l'affaire serait claire.

[300] NOTE.--In a parliamentary Document of 1852, it is stated to have been conceded on 15th January, 1634.

[301] By an ordinance of the Special Council, obtained through Sir Poulet Thompson, in the troublous times of 1838-41, these gentlemen made safe their well-beloved charter.

[302] Mr. Ryland, writing to Sir James Craig under date 22nd August, 1810, thus describes his interview with the Ministers of State, the Earl of Liverpool, Lord Bathurst, Mr. Percival, Mr. Peel, Lord Camden, the Marquis of Wellesey, &c "On entering the room I found it was a meeting of the Cabinet Ministers, eight in number, Lord Liverpool desired me to take a seat between him and Mr. Percival.... I then repeated an observation I had made in my first interview with Lord Liverpool, concerning Bédard in particular as the leader of the anti-government party, who has now so committed himself as to render it impossible he be employed....

"H. W. RYLAND."

(Christie's History of Canada.)

[303] MR. RYLAND TO SIR J. H. CRAIG, K.B.

London, 14th August, 1810.

"Dear Sir,--I yesterday had the honor to dine with the Earl of Liverpool at Coombe Wood; the party consisted of His Lordship, Lady Liverpool, Lord and Lady Bathurst, Lord Ashley and his sister, I believe, Sir Joseph and Lady Banks, Mr. Peel the Under-Secretary of State, and a lady whose name I do not recollect.

I had some conversation with Mr. Peel, before dinner, concerning the state of things in Canada, and I was mortified to find that he had but an imperfect idea of the subject....

He told me that he had read Lord Granville's despatch of October, 1789, to Lord Dorchester, which I had recommended to his attention, and he seemed to think a re-union of the Provinces a desirable object....

H. W. RYLAND."

(Christie's History of Canada.)

[304] In 1871, Mr. John Henderson Galbraith expired at Mount Lilac, leaving to his widow his beautiful country-seat, on which he had expended some $25,000. The foundry or machine shop was closed, and under the intelligent care of Miss Elizabeth Galbraith, Mount Lilac continues to produce each summer ambrosial fruit and exquisite flowers.

[305] Originally a brewery owned by Intendant Talon, and sold to the French King, in 1686 for 15,000 _écus_. Later on the Intendant's Palace, in magnificence rivalled the _Château St. Louis_.

[306] _Kahir-Koubat_ "a meandering stream" Ahatsistari's house (formerly "Poplar Grove," the homestead of L. T. McPherson, Esq.), on the north bank of the St. Charles, was called _Kahir-Koubat_ by N. Monpetit. Here formerly dwelt, we are told, Col. De Salaberry, the hero of Châteauguay, until 1814.

[307] Beyond the unmistakable vestiges of its having been of early French construction, there is nothing known of the origin under French rule, of Bigot's little _Château_. History is replete with details about his peculations and final punishment in the Bastile of France; possibly the legends in prose and in verse, which mantle round the time-worn rein, have no other foundation than the fictions of the poet and the novelist. Thanks to Amédée Papineau, W. Kirby, Jos. Mannette, Beaumanoir, Bigot's Château, is now immortalized in song.

[308] Ahatsistari, such the name of the former great Huron warrior, which Mr. Montpetit was allowed to assume when recently elected Honorary Chief of the Council of Sachems, possibly for the service rendered to the tribe as their historiographer.

[309] The French named the Wyandats, Hurons, from their style of wearing their hair--erect and thrown back, giving their head, says the Historian Ferland, the appearance of a boar's head, "_une hure de sanglier_."

[310] The Dutch called them Maquas; the English, Mohawks, probably from the name of the river Mohawk which flows into the Hudson.

[311] The Mission of St. Joseph, composed of 400 Huron families, was suddenly attacked by the Iroquois on the 4th July, 1648.

[213] St. Ignace was surprised and taken on 16th March, 1649.

[313] Ste. Marie mission-house was given to the flames by the Jesuits themselves on 15th May, 1649.

[314] St Jean was ravaged on 7th December, 1649.

[315] This parish was called after the celebrated Church of _Santa Casa_, of Loretto, in Italy. The Huron Missionary, Father Chaumonot, had arranged their huts around the church, which he had erected in imitation of the Loretto Chapel in Italy, where he had seen a vision of angels.

[316] A census of the settlement taken on 19th January, 1879, exhibits the population as composed of 326 souls, divided as follows:--Adult Males, 94; Adult Females, 137; Boys, 49; Girls, 56. Total, 336. 143 males to 193 females; bachelors must have been at a premium in the settlement. We understood that a complete history of the tribe is now in course of preparation by the Rev. Prosper Vincent, a son of Chief Vincent.

[317] An excellent sketch in French has been published of _Tahourenche_ and his tribe, in the Opinion Publique, under the _nom de plume_ of _Ahatsistari_, which we think ourselves warranted in crediting to the elegant pen of A. N. Montpetit, one of their honorary Chiefs.

[318] Probably the same as alluded to in a quaint old engraving, presented us by John Neilson, Esq., P.L.S., a son of the Hon. John Neilson, himself an honorary Chief of the Lorette Hurons. Under the portrait of Chief Nicholas is printed "Nicholas Vincent Isawanhoni," principal Christian chief and Captain of the Huron Indians, established at _La Jeune Lorette_, near Quebec, habited in the costume of his country, as when presented to his Majesty George IV. on the 7th of April, 1826, with three other chiefs of his nation, by _Generals Brock and Carpenter_; the chief bears in his hand the wampum or collar, on which is marked the tomahawk given by his late Majesty George III. The gold medal on his neck was the gift of his Majesty on this presentation.

"They were accompanied and introduced into England on the _14th December_, 1824, by Mr. W. Cooper, who though an Englishman, they state to be a chief